On 12 December, Khalifa Haftar announced a “decisive battle” for Tripoli, international media report. The conflict opposing forces aligned with Haftar and forces aligned with the internationally recognised Government of National Accord (GNA) entered this December its tenth month as mediation efforts were not able to be pursued. Both rival sides are receiving important military support from foreign actors and have mobilised significant fighting resources. In a briefing paper published in August 2019 with Small Arms Survey/Security Assessment in North Africa, analyst Wolfram Larcher examines the identities and interests of the forces fighting each other over control of Tripoli. For Larcher, the 2019 conflict for Tripoli is not only deeply disrupting prospects for peace in Libya but also transforming the country’s military landscape.Click here to read the report and here to consult the briefing paper.